如何利用高级复杂结构提高书面表达能力

如何利用高级复杂结构提高书面表达能力

徐州市第七中学 陈家胜

书面表达能力是学生英语学习能力的综合体现，也是高考英语试卷的“杀手锏”。近几年高考英语书面表达的评分标准有了很大变化，由原来只要求考生写对，转而要求考生写好，同时鼓励考生尝试使用一些高级词汇和复杂句型，并对由此所产生的错误采取了宽容态度。书面表达的评分标准概括为一句话就是——完成试题规定的任务的情况。

具体的评分标准如下：（第三、二、一档的评分标准略去）

第五档(很好，21—25分)

完全完成了试题规定的任务。覆盖所有知识要点；应用了较多语法结构和词汇；语法结构和词汇有些许错误，但为尽力使用复杂结构和高级词汇所致；具备较强的语言运用能力；有效地使用了语句间的连接成分，使全文结构紧凑；完全达到了预期的写作目的。

第四档(好，16—20分)

较全面地完成了试题规定的任务。虽漏掉一、两个次重点，但覆盖了所有的主要内容；应用的语法结构和词汇能满足任务的要求；语法结构和词汇方面应用基本准确、些许错误主要是因尝试使用复杂语法结构和高级词汇所致；应用简单的语句间连接成分，使全文结构紧凑；达到了预期写作目的。

从上面的评分标准，我们可以看出，高考书面表达的导向作用。鉴于此，我在平时的教学中加强了对学生书面表达的指导。具体策略如下：

第一、   充分利用高考题目的权威性和示范性来培养学生的书面表达能力

下面是江苏省2008年高考英语书面表达题目的参考答案：

Good afternoon, everyone!

 The topic of my speech today is “Being a Good Listener”.

Good listening can always show respect, promote understanding, and improve interpersonal relationship.

Many people suggest that parents should listen more to their children, so they will understand them better, and find it easy to narrow the generation gap; teachers should listen more to their students, then they can meet their needs better, and place themselves in a good relationship with their students; students should listen more to their classmates, thus they will help and learn from each other, and a friendship is likely to be formed.

What I want to stress is that each of us should listen more to others. Show your respect and never stop others till they finish their talk; show you are interested by a supportive silence or a knowing smile; be open-minded to different opinions even though you don’t like them. In a word, good listening can really enable us to get closer to each other.                      

 Thank you for your listening!

这篇参考答案的正文一共9组句子，其中5组句子为复杂句（文中黑体部分）。从这个角度可以看出复杂句子在高考书面表达中的地位和作用。

第二、   把语法知识和学生书面表达训练相结合、培养学生“举一反三”的能力

学生在平时的书面表达训练中，效果非常差。其中一个重要的原因就是学生不会学以致用，缺乏“举一反三”的能力。很多学生对基础知识重视不够，抱着急功近利的思想，一味想如何才能“反三”，却很少关注怎样“举一”，其实，“举一”是“反三”的前提。如在书面表达中如果表达“环境保护的重要性”有关的话题。很多学生就会写出这样干巴巴的句子：

Many people have realized the importance of protecting the environment.

其实，我们可以利用现有的语法知识，使这个句子“举一反三”，变得丰富多彩，变得丰满。如：

我们可以把它变成含有主语从句和表语从句的复杂句：

What is the most important is that many people have realized the importance of protecting the environment.

What I what to stress is that many people have realized the importance of protecting the environment.

我们也可以把它变成表语从句：

The most important thing is that many people have realized the importance of protecting the environment.

The good news is that many people have realized the importance of protecting the environment.

我们也可以把它变成it做形式主语，that 引导的主语从句的复杂句

It is lucky that many people have realized the importance of protecting the environment.

It is fortunate that many people have realized the importance of protecting the environment.

我们也可以把它变成be动词加形容词,再加that引导的宾语从句：

We feel lucky that many people have realized the importance of protecting the environment.

We feel fortunate that many people have realized the importance of protecting the environment.

我们也可以把它变成副词修饰整个句子的结构：

Luckily, many people have realized the importance of protecting the environment.

Fortunately, many people have realized the importance of protecting the environment.

第三、   培养学生对常用语言材料“追根溯源”的能力

很多学生在书面表达中的错误已经陷入到“惯性”之中，他们对一些常用的与语言材料一直处于“混沌”状态之中，换句话说，他们对一些语言材料的运用只是处在“想当然”的层次。所以，在书面表达的训练中要注意培养学生对常用语言材料“追根溯源”的能力。例如，学生几乎都认识worry这个单词，但是，能够准确运用它的学生却很少。下面简单列举这个单词的用法：

I’m worrying about my ability to do all the extra work if I become the next chairperson.

I’m worried that I lack the ability to do all the extra work if I become the next chairperson.

What worries me most is that I lack the ability to do all the extra work if I become the next chairperson.

It worries me most that I lack the ability to do all the extra work if I become the next chairperson.

My biggest worry is that I lack the ability to do all the extra work if I become the next chairperson.

书面表达能力的培养是培养学生综合运用英语知识的重要手段，教师只有把书面表达能力的培养融入到平时的教学中，学生的书面表达能力才能得到有效的培养。